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States That Have Restricted Gender-Affirming Care for Trans Youth in 2023_我的网站

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A |     在新加坡本科留学赛道上，众多学生及其家长常常向我们提出这样一个问题：究竟什么时间选择前往新加坡留学才是最为恰当的呢？新加坡特殊的教育体制，使得处于高一、高二、高三这三个不同年级阶段的学生，都具备前往新加坡攻读本科的机会。

B | 我们认为，决定前往新加坡读本科的理想年龄段，很大程度上取决于个人的学习规划以及学习成绩状况。    

A large majority of transgender adults in the United States – 78% – say living with a gender different from the one assigned to them at birth has made them more satisfied with their lives, according to a recent survey from The Washington Post and Kaiser Family Foundation.
Among respondents, more than three-quarters had changed their type of clothing, hairstyle or grooming habits to align with their preferred gender, while 31% had used hormone treatments and 16% had undergone gender-affirming surgery or a related surgical treatment to alter their appearance.
But such options are becoming available on a more limited basis, as politicians in multiple states have attempted to restrict trans Americans’ ability to seek gender-affirming medical treatments. In some states, such as Georgia and Tennessee, bans for minors were approved in the first quarter of 2023.

What Is Gender-Affirming Care? 

The Human Rights Campaign, a LGBTQ+ advocacy group, defines gender-affirming care as “age-appropriate care that is medically necessary for the well-being of many transgender and non-binary people who experience symptoms of gender dysphoria, or distress that results from having one’s gender identity not match their sex assigned at birth.” The organization notes both the American Medical Association and American Academy of Pediatrics support “age-appropriate, gender-affirming care for transgender and non-binary people.”
Conservatives often oppose the concept of gender-affirming care – which may or may not include surgical or other interventions – for various reasons, including religious beliefs and concerns about child abuse. “You don’t disfigure 10-, 12-, 13-year-old kids based on gender dysphoria,” Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis, a Republican, said at an August news conference.
Some have expressed concern about a lack of data on the possible long-term consequences of gender-affirming medical treatment for minors. A Reuters investigation, for example, found “no large-scale studies have tracked people who received gender-related medical care as children to determine how many remained satisfied with their treatment as they aged and how many eventually regretted transitioning.” Others, according to the article, have raised alarms about children who are not appropriately evaluated before receiving gender-affirming medical care.

These States Have Banned Gender-Affirming Care

Below are the states that have moved to restrict some form of gender-affirming care for minors so far in 2023, based largely on legislation tracking from the Equality Federation, an advocacy accelerator that works with a network of state-based LGBTQ+ organizations.
Some states, such as Arizona and Alabama, passed bans prior to this year and are not included on the list. Alabama’s law has since been blocked by a federal judge as it faces a challenge in court.
Dozens of bills are still being considered by lawmakers in other states, according to the federation. And officials elsewhere, including in Florida and Missouri, have bypassed state legislatures altogether.
Signed into law by new Republican Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders in March, Arkansas’ law will make health care providers liable for civil action for up to 15 years after a minor turns 18 if they performed a gender transition procedure on that minor – essentially making it easier to file malpractice lawsuits in these situations. On that note, experts say the law acts as a de facto ban on gender-affirming care for children because it makes it nearly impossible for providers to get malpractice insurance, according to the AP. In 2021, state lawmakers passed the nation’s first ban on gender-affirming care for minors. The move was temporarily blocked shortly after, but on June 20, 2023, a federal judge issued a permanent injunction against it, ruling the ban unconstitutional. It marked the first time such a state ban was overturned, but the more recent law signed by Sanders was still set to go into effect.
The state Department of Health’s Board of Medicine announced a new rule in March that prohibits several types of therapies and procedures for treating gender dysphoria in minors. The methods of care covered include sex reassignment surgeries and puberty-blocking therapies. Minors already being treated with the rule’s referenced therapies prior to the effective date of it were allowed to continue. Then, on May 17, DeSantis signed into law a similar gender-affirming care ban from the state legislature, which, in addition to prohibiting procedures from being performed on minors, also grants Florida courts “temporary emergency jurisdiction” over a child if they have been subjected to or “threatened” with sex-reassignment prescriptions or procedures. The law also requires transgender adults to get written consent before undergoing such procedures by using a form adopted by the Board of Medicine and Board of Osteopathic Medicine, according to Reuters. But on June 6, a district court judge in Florida issued a preliminary injunction that temporarily blocked enforcement of some parts of the law for specific plaintiffs.
Senate Bill 140 was signed into law by Georgia’s Republican Gov. Brian Kemp in late March. The legislation, pushed forward by the Republican majority in the state’s General Assembly, prohibits “certain surgical procedures for the treatment of gender dysphoria in minors from being performed in hospitals and other licensed healthcare facilities.” There are exceptions, including treatments that are deemed “medically necessary” and situations covering continued treatment for minors undergoing “irreversible hormone replacement therapies” prior to July 1, 2023. But a federal judge on Aug. 20 granted a preliminary injunction which blocked the portion of the law banning doctors from starting hormone therapy for transgender minors. The prohibition on surgical procedures was not covered by the injunction.
The state’s GOP Gov. Brad Little approved a bill that criminalizes providing gender-affirming care for youth. Signed on April 4 and going into effect in January 2024, the law makes it a felony to provide hormones, puberty blockers or other gender-affirming medical care to minors. Little said in a letter confirming the bill signing that policymakers “should take great caution whenever we consider allowing the government to interfere with loving parents and their decisions about what is best for their children.”
Republican Gov. Eric Holcomb signed into law on April 5 a bill banning all gender-affirming care for minors, after previously saying there was “some vagueness to it,” according to the AP. The governor said in a statement that “permanent gender-changing surgeries with lifelong impacts and medically prescribed preparation for such a transition should occur as an adult, not as a minor.” Parts of the law, however, were blocked by a federal judge on June 16 following a request for a preliminary injunction by the American Civil Liberties Union of Indiana. The order stops the law’s ban on puberty blockers and hormone treatments for minors from going into force on July 1, but does not impact the restriction on gender-affirming surgeries.
Iowa’s ban, signed into law on March 22, prohibits health care professionals from “knowingly” performing certain medical practices on minors if they are “for the purpose of attempting to alter the appearance of, or affirm the minor’s perception of, the minor's gender or sex, if that appearance or perception is inconsistent with the minor's sex.” Practices covered by the law include hormone therapies and surgical procedures. As with other states’ laws, there are some exceptions, including a “medically verifiable disorder of sex development.”
The state on March 29 joined others in banning gender-affirming medical care for minors when the Republican-led Kentucky General Assembly voted to override Democratic Gov. Andy Beshear’s veto, becoming the first state led by a Democrat to approve such a ban in 2023. The law notes that any health provider who violates the prohibition can have their license or certificate revoked. A federal judge on June 28 temporarily blocked the portion of the law that would have banned transgender youth from accessing puberty blockers and hormone therapy, but that same judge lifted the injunction on July 14 – allowing the restrictions to go into effect. A federal appeals court panel on July 31 allowed the state to continue enforcing the law.
With a successful override attempt of Democratic Gov. John Bel Edwards’ veto by the state’s Republican supermajority legislature, Louisiana approved a ban on gender-affirming care for minors on July 18. The law, which goes into effect on Jan. 1, 2024, covers procedures such as hormone therapies, puberty blockers and gender-reassignment surgeries. The ban’s ultimate approval came after a Republican lawmaker cast a tie-breaking vote to kill the legislation in May. But it was eventually resurrected and passed before Edwards’ veto.
Mississippi’s law – among the first to be enacted in 2023 – bans any person from knowingly providing or engaging in conduct that aids and abets the performance of gender transition procedures on a minor in the state. The ban also prohibits the use of public funds or tax deductions for such procedures. Republican Gov. Tate Reeves said when he signed the bill into law that “radical activists” are telling children they are “just a surgery away from happiness,” according to the AP.
GOP Gov. Mike Parson on June 7 signed a bill that will restrict gender-affirming health care for minors and some adults in Missouri starting in late August. The law prevents the state’s Medicaid division from covering such treatment for people of any age, and prohibits providers from prescribing puberty-blockers or cross-sex hormones to minors until Aug. 28, 2027, unless they were being treated prior to the bill’s effective date. Missouri initially banned gender-affirming care in April through an emergency regulation from state Attorney General Andrew Bailey that limited treatments for both minors and adults, the latter of which was believed to be a first in the country. But Bailey terminated the rule – which had already been on pause due to a lawsuit – on May 16, citing the state legislature’s imminent ban. A circuit judge on Aug. 25 allowed the law to take effect.
Signed into law on April 28 by Republican Gov. Greg Gianforte, Montana’s ban on gender-affirming care for minors covers both surgical procedures and medications such as puberty blockers and testosterone. As with other state laws, the prohibition has exceptions including for someone “diagnosed with a disorder of sexual development.” Any physician who performs a banned procedure can be also sued in the 25 years following it if the after-effects result in any injury, “including physical, psychological, emotional or physiological harms.” The law takes effect on Oct. 1, according to the AP. Democratic state Rep. Zooey Zephyr, a transgender woman, was exiled from the Montana House floor after she said her fellow Republican lawmakers would have “blood on their hands” if they passed the bill.
Republican Gov. Jim Pillen signed into law on May 22 a bill that prohibits gender-affirming medical care for minors, which covers people under the age of 19 in Nebraska. The law, which also bans abortions at 12 weeks of pregnancy, includes a ban on surgical procedures and limitations on “prescribed drugs related to gender alteration.” The rules for the latter are to be determined by the state’s chief medical officer – a political appointee, according to the AP. The gender-affirming care portion of the new law goes into effect on Oct. 1, 2023.
The state’s Republican-dominated legislature on Aug. 16 voted to successfully override a veto from Democratic Gov. Roy Cooper and approve a ban on gender-affirming care for minors in North Carolina. The bill’s language covers both transition surgeries and puberty-blocking drugs or cross-sex hormones. The law goes into effect immediately, but as with other state bans that have been approved, there are some exceptions to the prohibition.
Republican Gov. Doug Burgum on April 19 signed a veto-proof bill into law that criminalizes providing gender-affirming medical care to minors. The law, which went into effect immediately as an “emergency measure,” makes performing sex reassignment surgery on a minor a felony, and makes providing gender-affirming medication such as puberty blockers to minors a misdemeanor. Burgum recommended in a statement that “thoughtful debate around these complex medical policies should demonstrate compassion and understanding for all North Dakota youth and their families,” according to the AP.
GOP Gov. Kevin Stitt on May 1 signed into law a ban on gender-affirming care for minors in Oklahoma, saying he was “thrilled” to do so and “protect our kids.” The bill allows for any physician who knowingly provides gender transition procedures to be charged with a felony, but the prosecution must occur before the minor patient turns 45. The law went into effect immediately, but on May 18 the state agreed to not enforce it while opponents sought a temporary court order blocking it.
Signed into law on Feb. 13, House Bill 1080 prohibits South Dakotan health care professionals from administering various types of gender-affirming procedures on minors. If a provider violates the law, the legislation requires a professional or occupational licensing board to revoke any license or certificate held by the provider. GOP Gov. Kristi Noem strongly supported the bill before signing it, according to the AP.
Tennessee’s legislation, which was signed by Gov. Bill Lee in March but was set to go into effect on July 1, bans health care providers from performing or offering to perform a medical procedure on a minor if its purpose is to enable that minor “to identify with, or live as, a purported identity inconsistent with the immutable characteristics of the reproductive system that define the minor as male or female.” It also prohibits such procedures if the purpose is to treat “purported discomfort or distress from a discordance between the minor's sex and asserted identity.” There are exceptions, and the law establishes penalties for providers who violate it. Just days before its July 1 effective date, a federal judge on June 28 temporarily blocked the portion of the law that would have banned transgender youth from accessing puberty blockers and hormone therapy. U.S. District Judge Eli Richardson, however, did not block the law’s ban on surgical procedures. A federal appeals court on July 8 temporarily reversed Richardson’s ruling, meaning the law can take effect at least until the court conducts a full review.
GOP Gov. Greg Abbott on June 2 signed a bill banning gender-affirming care for minors in Texas. The law contains exceptions similar to other states’ efforts at restricting transition care. The Texas Supreme Court on Aug. 31 allowed the law to go into effect on Sept. 1, overruling a state district judge who had issued a temporary injunction against the ban a week prior. The law’s passage was not Texas’ first attempt at limiting gender-affirming care: Abbott in 2022 ordered the investigation of families who were receiving such care, but the order was halted by a judge in the state.
Republican Gov. Spencer Cox signed into law on Jan. 28 the first gender-affirming care ban of the year. The Utah legislature’s Senate Bill 16 restricts health providers from performing “sex characteristic surgical procedures on a minor for the purpose of effectuating a sex change” or hormonal transgender treatment on minors who weren’t diagnosed with gender dysphoria before July 1, 2023. Cox said his approval of the law was an effort at least in part to pause “these permanent and life-altering treatments for new patients until more and better research can help determine the long-term consequences,” the AP reported.
A new law signed by GOP Gov. Jim Justice on March 29 prohibits minors from being prescribed hormone therapy and puberty blockers, or from receiving gender-affirming surgery. The law, which will take effect in January 2024, contains an exception geared toward youth for whom “treatment with pubertal modulating and hormonal therapy is medically necessary to treat the minor’s psychiatric symptoms and limit self-harm, or the possibility of self-harm.” In these cases, the minor must receive consent from their parents or guardians along with two medical providers.
。新加坡本科教育 首先，先科普下新加坡的本科教育。在新加坡，提供本科文凭的院校有新加坡国立大学、南洋理工大学、新加坡管理大学等在内的新加坡本地公立大学，和新加坡PSB学院、Kaplan高等教育学院、詹姆斯库克大学新加坡校区在内的新加坡私立高校。詹姆斯库克大学新加坡校区 新加坡国立大学 同国内的私立院校不一样的是，海外的公立大学和私立高校的主要区别在于资金来源，而不在于学校的好坏。

C | 因此，不论是新加坡公立大学还是私立高校的毕业生，回国都享留学生待遇。

D | 对于私立高校的本科课程，开学时间分布在全年各个月份，一般在相应学校和专业开学三个月到前半年左右提交申请。公立大学本科课程的开学时间是每年的8月。学生可以凭借高考成绩申请，但需要在高三前考出合格语言成绩，高三上学期进行网申。初中毕业、高一、高二在读可选择私立高校：新加坡PSB学院、Kaplan高等教育学院高二结业、高三在读、高三结束可选择私立高校：詹姆斯库克大学新加坡校区、科廷大学新加坡校区、新加坡管理学院高考后凭高考成绩申请新加坡公立大学（但需提前提交语言成绩和申请材料）新加坡国立大学、南洋理工大学、新加坡管理大学等什么时候来读本科合适？ 在这里，我们将准备申请本科的高中生分为成绩一般和成绩优异等两个大类型。成绩一般的学生 这类型的学生，常见可以分为以下两种情况：第一种是，在中考阶段就“耗尽”太多力气，或者是通过家长“辅助”等其他渠道进入目标高中。那么在高中阶段，由于前期初中基础知识不够扎实稳固，极有可能出现后续课程学习动力匮乏的状况，最终在高考时很可能呈现出分数线较为一般的结果。

E | 第二种是，初中成绩平平，在中考后被分流至普通高中甚至是职业中学。

F | 在学习氛围相对一般的环境中，孩子难免会受到外界因素的干扰，进而容易形成成绩下滑的趋势。对于这类卷不过，也躺不平的“尴尬”情况，我们通常会建议在初中毕业或者是高一上学期就提交新加坡私立高校的申请。因为新加坡私立高校的申请虽然不需要高考成绩，但是需要提交学生的平时成绩。举个例子，如果在高一上学期申请，那么仅需要提交初中平时成绩或者是高一上学期的成绩。反观，如果是在高三再进行申请，那么则需要提交高中整个阶段的平时成绩。如果本身孩子学习动力不足，年级越高，学习越吃力，平时成绩有可能就越低。这样就容易造成“原本能申请的学校，却因为平时成绩过低而无法成功申请”的局面。因此，对于本身资质一般的学生而言，年级越高申请新加坡本科，难度也会越大。成绩优异的学生 成绩中等的学生 这类型的学生，若高考成绩非常优异，超过一本线60-100分的学生可以直接选择申请新加坡公立大学，如新加坡国立大学、新加坡南洋理工大学等。

G | 但如果想顺利衔接新加坡大学，需要在高二阶段开始准备语言考试并取得合格的成绩，接着在高三上半学期完成网申，待到高考成绩出分后，再补交高考分数。

H | 如果在高考后才开始准备申请，会错过当年秋季入学，需推迟一年入学。因此，若需要在高考后选择来新加坡读本科，就需要提前在高二进行规划。这个路径就比较适合以后已经有规划，想要留在新加坡就业或者是打算继续攻读海外硕士的学生选择。

I | 毕竟在留坡就业方面，新加坡本地公立大学（NTU/NUS/SMU）的毕业生在申请EP时会有20分的加分。不仅如此，新加坡国立大学和南洋理工大学的世界排名高，若后续申请海外硕士时，本科背景是个加分项。成绩优异的学生也能凭借新加坡公立大学的优秀背景而锦上添花。总的而言，如果想送孩子本科来新加坡留学，高一高二阶段对成绩一般的孩子申请更加友好，也能使他们能更早地适应新加坡的海外教育体系；高三毕业后可以凭借高考成绩申请本地公立大学，适合成绩非常出众的孩子。建议各位家长根据孩子的学习成绩、个人情况和未来发展规划综合考虑后做出选择。

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